Acquiring Knowledge Essay

 â â â â â â â â â â Knowledge implies power; the entire world needs for information, to know things, to comprehend, to make exact estimations and to settle on savvy choices. However, thinkers since old occasions battle with the inquiry in regards to how information is gained. Is it through the physical faculties †of touch, smell, hearing, seeing, and taste? Is it through explanation alone? Three incredible thinkers handled this inquiry, they are Descartes, Locke, and Kant and every one of them three introduced three distinct philosophies with regards to procuring information. The interest is not kidding and extraordinary that an entire group of information is committed to discovering the appropriate responses. It is called epistemology and these three logicians will fill in as aides in the mission to know reality with regards to information. Descartes  â â â â â â â â â â Rene Descartes is supposed to be the dad of present day reasoning. He endeavored to break with the philosophical conventions of his day by dismissing the Aristotelian way of thinking of the schools which is the authority of custom and the authority of the faculties (Craig, 1998). He built up a procedure on the best way to examine nature by decreasing complex issues to less difficult ones and afterward investigated further utilizing direct instinct (Craig, 1998). Along these lines, his principle contention is that by minor reasoning one can find answers for issues.  â â â â â â â â â â Interestingly Descartes needed to pass on to his old convictions and everything that he considered truth with the goal for him to decide for the last time that to be sure there is an approach to find truth by negligible utilization of instinct and not the dependence of the faculties and conventions passed on starting with one age then onto the next. His first guinea pig was himself, he needed to question his reality to know reality, and not just accept that he exist since society discloses to him that he exists. He had what creators and researchers called a â€Å"eureka† second or a snapshot of incredible understanding, when he at last exclaimed â€Å"Ego cogito, hence sum† an announcement in Latin broadly deciphered as: I think, along these lines I am (Broughton, 2008).  This was the advancement that he was searching for and he utilized it as an establishment from where he would expand upon his hypothesis of information securing.  â â â â â â â â â â Descartes’ thought is front line around then. He was one of the first to build up the guideline of picking up information and examining things that are past the abilities of the five detects. There are numerous parts of science that can be found out not by utilizing the five faculties however by the simple demonstration of instinct. Instinctively man can know reality; this is the fundamental contention of Descartes. This is reinforced by the idea of earlier information. A genuine model is the capacity of an infant to suck from the mother’s bosom the truly necessary supplements for endurance. A child is practically visually impaired from birth but then ready to perform such activities. Locke The ability to utilize the feeling of sight, smell, contact, hearing, and taste is one significant way in picking up information (Hartnack, 2001). It is in truth the old method of knowing the earth and the complexities of human communication, for example, language and connections. John Locke is one of the significant advocates for this strategy for information securing †that man has the ability of understanding his general surroundings by watching and using the intensity of the five faculties to outfit data. Along these lines, it tends to be contended that man can just watch the world through his detects. In this model information is genuine when it very well may be estimated and seen through the faculties. This is otherwise called observation. The importance of this strategy can be seen in logical utilizations of the utilization of perception and cautious estimations. Researchers, sociologists, and even savants from everywhere throughout the world utilize this strategy and it can even be contended that a great many people use observation without considering it. It is only normal for man to utilize his faculties to comprehend his condition and the improvement that he gets each waking second. Immanuel Kant  â â â â â â â â â â Kant is a focal figure in present day reasoning since he had the option to combine early current realism and induction (Rholf, 2010). Be that as it may, this doesn't imply that Kant was totally fruitful in accommodating Descartes and Locke’s sees concerning the procurement of information. Kant’s pundits even attested that he had made it progressively confounded and hence making it harder to decide the ideal approach that can assist people with acing the capacity to get information.  â â â â â â â â â â Nevertheless, Kant’s significant commitment can be summarized in two explanations: 1) people experience just appearances, not things in themselves; and 2) reality are noticing other than the abstract types of human reasonable instinct (Rohlf, 2010). This is a significant end in light of the fact that there are things that induction and realism can't cover yet must be determine if there is finished comprehension of everything †this is information increased subsequent to utilizing different people’s bits of knowledge and discoveries.  For model old individuals see the sun circling around the earth, logic and observation won't disprove that guarantee until there is now an ability to enhance that information and alter it since now individuals find out about the development of glorious articles. Examination  â â â â â â â â â â Descartes didn't concur that there must be one strategy with regards to information obtaining. The utilization of the five faculties isn't sufficient to know reality. There are things in this world that must be comprehended by tolerating the presence of earlier information and the utilization of instinct. There are scientific conditions that demonstrated valuable in improving man’s presence yet the means in building up these numerical conditions was not inferred by basically watching the world trough the fives detects. These approached because of establishment, basically on the grounds that scientific certainties have a place with a theoretical world blocked off by feeling of smell, hearing, taste, contact, and sight. In the protection of figured, an individual can apply these scientific conditions and addition information.  â â â â â â â â â â Another shortcoming of utilizing the five faculties is that it is extremely abstract. Kant previously called attention to this by expressing that the five faculties can't be solid constantly. For instance the refraction of light makes optical dreams. The eye imparts to oneself and says that the spoon has all the earmarks of being twisted. Yet, the spoon was just seen to be twisted due with the impact of the activity of light when it goes through water. Another tricky part of depending on the five faculties is its inconsistency when people are exposed to brutal conditions. For instance, a climber lost in a desert will surrender with the impacts of drying out and starts to see hallucination and different pictures that appear to be genuine however are definitely not. Indeed, even with the conspicuous shortcomings of the observational strategy for obtaining information, it should likewise be brought up that the five faculties are imperative instruments with regards to information securing. Regardless of how emotional the five faculties may appear to be it must be recognize that individuals can live inside a network since individuals see each other’s dialects and regard the standards set somewhere near the pioneers or the older folks. This would have been incomprehensible without the utilization of the five detects. Additionally, the previously mentioned shortcoming of the experimental technique can be effectively adjusted utilizing an outsider that will help confirm the data. For instance an individual daydreaming in a desert can be protected by paramedics. What's more, the fit as a fiddle rescuers can assist the disorientated individual with gaining their bearing. On the off chance that two individuals can't help contradicting respects to the specific tallness of the Statue of Liberty, they need not squabble, they just need to request that an impartial member measure the sculpture for them and settle their debate. Along these lines, experimentation has just a single substantial shortcoming and it is the failure of man to know more than he ought to and consequently making ends without first knowing the comprehensive view or having a total comprehension of the logical law that oversees a specific marvel. In such manner Kant’s thoughts will be of incredible assistance. End  â â â â â â â â â â Descartes’ see that there is for sure earlier information is a significant initial phase in information obtaining. The world is so mind boggling and simultaneously working like a very much oiled machine. In any case, it isn't sufficient to just say that information can be picked up by negligible instinct. One needs to concur with Locke that the five faculties are basic devices with regards to understanding the world. There is a need to watch and to gauge so as to know reality. In any case, even so there are constraints with the goal that it is imperative to mull over what Kant said in regards to the failure of the brain to comprehend everything. For instance the development of the earth and sun would never be totally comprehended by negligible instinct or perception alone. There is no ideal procedure in epistemology; there is a need to utilize every strategy to know reality. References Broughton, J. (2008). â€Å"Self-Knowledge.† A Companion to Descartes. Mama: Blackwell  â â â â â â â â â â Publishing. Craig, E. (1998). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. New York: Routledge. Cicovacki, P. (2002). Among Truth and Illusion: Kant at the Crossroads of Modernity. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Hartnack, J. (2001). Kant’s Theory of Knowledge: Introduction to Critique of Pure Reason. IN: Hacket Publishing, 2001. Rohlf,

Alan Freed:History Of Rock Music Essay -- essays research papers

Supremo free essay sample

One night, Boniface and other energetic Filipinos met to build up a mystery society. This is called Stagnating Gallivanting a Justinian Eng uber Knack Eng Banyan or Justinian. The reason for the confederation is to oppose Spain and free the Philippines. Boniface turned into the Supreme of the association. While drove by the Katie dish, Boniface met Gregorian De Jesus. Gregorian was sought her and soon they were hitched in the congregation of Bambino. They wedded again as per the standards of the Justinian. Gregorian joined the association was well.She thought about remarks, firearms and other gear that is valuable for the confederation. At the point when the Spanish found the Justinian, Boniface and different associates left the city. They assembled at Paginated and there was resolved to begin the insurgency. In the skirmish of San Juan, Boniface were pulled back because of the quality of the adversary. Yet, even bombed their first attack, brisk turn spread the unrest. We will compose a custom exposition test on Supremo or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In the mean time, additionally sparkle as a pioneer Emilio Continual of Cavity Stationeries. Continuously wins the battle his military such a great amount of intrigued with Continual.Here starts the contention of Stationeries in Cavity. Split into two gatherings: the gathering Managing and Magical gathering. A show held in Testers, Cavity two gatherings of Stationeries. As the Supreme of the Justinian, Boniface stood led the show. They all consent to respect any concurred show. They initially settled the Republic of the Philippines and therefore held decisions. Chosen leader of the republic was Continual in any event, when he isn't in the said show. Be that as it may, when Boniface was chosen as the Director of Interior, a Magical dissent since he had absence of education.In outrage, Boniface canceled the said political race and quickly cleared the spot. In a gathering with MANIC, Andrea Boniface set up a different government. For Continual, Boniface initiative will prompted extraordinary hazard, he requested to capture him. Gondolas armed force went to Boniface and captured him. Andrea and Procom were investigated for injustice in the city trying to oust the legislature. After the day of preliminary the kin were demonstrated blameworthy and condemned to death. Not knowing the siblings capital punishment. They covertly brought to the heap of Tall.There, Jesus Procom Boniface isolated. Boniface resolved to execute them. He ran however the fighters tailed him and shot. Here finished the life of Andrea Boniface, Supreme of the Justinian. Film REVIEW It was continued with such a fabulous cinematography with a play of sepia tones and ground-breaking melodic scoring. Despite the fact that there were only a few scenes that required appropriate lighting, to show the essences of the characters. Some were excessively dim while they convey their lines. It gives us that even your kindred Filipinos can sell out you, can be your most noticeably terrible adversaries, for force and authority.Ammonias demise, Benefactions spouse, was too feeble to even think about starting the Tory. Content couldve been increasingly great with legitimate sequencing and altering. The last a few scenes of the film were too overwhelming to even consider bearing. Obviously, I definitely recognized what might occur in the story, yet watching it was a totally different issue. I do concede that I cried a bit of during the last scene where the incomparable met his end in a frightening way. I consider it as one of the most delightfully shot Filipino movies that I have seen. In spite of its confinements underway sets, the film could flaunt that every it scenes was a scene of beauty.The executive was awesome in making efforts where either inconspicuous activities or epic situations occurred. Unfortunately, what could have been an incredible film had been broken by conflicting narrating and need gloss exhibitions from a portion of the on-screen characters. It appeared as though every scene was significant, yet when taken together they end up being extremely constraining. The flashbacks utilized could have caused by adding them to explain things and not simply to include authentic realities. Over all, the film is extraordinary and I appreciate it. Be that as it may, El Presidents is better than this film in view of its not appropriate sequencing.

The Appeal of Enterprise Resource Planning

Official Summary This paper presents a near contextual analysis of two organizations that had embraced an undertaking asset arranging (ERP) system.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on The Appeal of Enterprise Resource Planning explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Companies were assessed dependent on their ERP combination process. The two organizations needed to beat coordination issues of three sorts: those connected to the plan of the venture asset bundle, those connected to the reconciliation of new work applications, and those connected to the UIs. The paper recognized the frameworks through which organizations attempted to beat every sort of incorporation issue. The reconciliation issues connected to every one of these methodologies were seen as various. Presentation Enterprise asset arranging (ERP) frameworks have become appreciated alternatives for both little and large firms to beat the disadvantages of incoherent and different inheritance fram eworks. Venture asset arranging structures are planned as a consolidated arrangement of framework parts, all associated with a typical databank, dealing with a large group of organization errands like HR, stock control, deals and account (Monk Wagner 2007). Most ERP frameworks likewise offer numerous language and money capabilities, empowering exercises in different countries to turn out to be progressively fused. In a time of globalization, these angles are exceptionally engaging for firms concentrating on growing their activities universal without losing power over them. The engaging quality of big business asset arranging is checked in another examination that shown that around 20% of firms over all division ventures have introduced endeavor asset arranging programming, with the preparing business driving the pattern (Magal Word 2012).Advertising Looking for report on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Lear n More The examination what's more demonstrated that the notoriety of big business asset arranging keeps on expanding, with 35% of the evaluated firms investigating, testing, or applying undertaking asset arranging bundles. Anderson and Larocca (2005) named endeavor asset arranging as the most basic foundation in the business usage of data innovation on the planet. The extending hugeness in big business asset arranging frameworks might be characterized their normal advantages. Endeavor asset arranging bundles permit associations to execute totally joined bundles to substitute their different heritage bundles, which are amazingly difficult to keep up because of their inclination, size, work-based condition, and repetitive nonappearance of records. Venture asset arranging bundles are significant as they are consolidated as opposed to incoherent, embed as far as anyone knows best corporate schedules inside framework applications, and furnish administrative staff with direct access to s ynchronized information (Magal Word 2012). Venture asset arranging endeavors are as often as possible connected to essential administrative improvement endeavors, for example, undertaking process rebuilding (EPR). Since an ERP framework bolsters business absorption, it conceivably speaks to in excess of an adjustment in mechanical foundation. Truth be told, the key advantages coming about because of big business asset arranging establishments may basically start from adjustments in the authoritative structure, creation forms, the duties and capacities of administrative staff, and information the board ventures (Whitten Bentley 1998).Advertising We will compose a custom report test on The Appeal of Enterprise Resource Planning explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The impacts of big business asset arranging venture disappointments are noteworthy, given the cash and time that such undertakings normally need. By and large, high dangers accompany the high settlements co nceivably attainable by means of using a venture asset arranging framework. The obtaining of an endeavor asset arranging framework includes not just a huge and refined mechanical endeavor for an organization yet in addition bears the standpoint of key changes in authoritative structure and business applications. Given the extending significance of big business asset arranging in the cutting edge age and past, it is important that reviews focus on methods for improving the past exhibition of big business asset arranging endeavors. Undertaking dangers must be brought down, and organizations must discover methods for making the tremendous interests in big business asset arranging framework pay off. The paper uses a relative contextual analysis way to deal with research the exercises by which two associations executed ERP bundles provided by various merchants and bolstered by various counseling firms. Drawing upon Magal Word’s (2012) hypothetical appraisal of managerial change, t he paper considered ERP usage as a joining action that focuses on the collaboration between powers supporting and powers battling change. The examination pointed especially at the mix procedure and showed different manners by which the two associations tended to the mix issues in ERP implementation.Advertising Searching for report on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Incorporation Issues A colossal assemblage of writing on ERP coordination has been produced over the most recent 3 decades (Whitten Bentley 1998; Sprott 2000). Be that as it may, the information on the viewpoints and strategies that bring about big business asset arranging coordination triumphs or disappointments is as yet insufficient as ERP mix is similarly novel and is unique in relation to ordinary data stages foundation ventures (Sprott 2000). Here, the paper centers around some of the interesting highlights of big business asset arranging frameworks and distinguish the coordination issues related with such highlights. Individuals One key issue lies with the way that venture asset arranging stages are bundled frameworks. Sharma and Gupta (2011) thought about the commencement techniques of bundled frameworks with inheritance data stages at the segment, improvement, socio-social condition, and group stages. Their evaluation recommends that sellers of bundled frameworks must persua de different customers with varying wants and needs with a perspective on catching the necessary piece of the overall industry and benefit to legitimize the undertaking. Simultaneously, there are incredible time-to-showcase pressures on the traders to build up their novel frameworks to stay serious. Likewise, bundled frameworks makers are incoherent from the clients authoritatively, notwithstanding normally and they for the most part don't add to the mix of the ERP bundle. Operators like deals and customer work force and pros much of the time give the connection between end-clients and framework engineers (Scott Kaindl 2000; Sharma Gupta 2011). Accordingly, not at all like traditional framework improvement ventures where a framework is tweaked to fit the present endeavor needs and foundations, bundled framework coordination includes the customers (individuals) adjusting procedures and undertaking methods with a perspective on using the incorporated framework, changing some of the mo dules in the framework to suit their particular needs, and relying upon framework dealers for updates and backing to the ERP framework. The maverick between a company’s procedure and information needs and the advantages offered by big business asset arranging is especially apparent on account of the compound idea of the venture asset arranging applications (Sawyer 2000). In their examination of big business asset arranging coordination in Singapore, Sambamurthy and Kirsch (2000) delineate that the supposed segment best applications settled in big business asset arranging applications is scarcely finished. They show that distinction between ERP capacities and undertaking needs can be business-based, part based, or nation based and might be assembled into 3 classes: data, procedure and result. Animate (2006) underlined the socio-social impacts of detaches in ERP joining. Procedure Another issue between ordinary information framework creation undertaking and venture asset arrang ing is that an ERP venture, which will in general be endeavor based, is distinctively greater in scope than a regular framework improvement venture, which every now and again centers around at least one segments or endeavor systems. The dangers connected to big business asset arranging endeavors are similarly more prominent than those regular tasks (Robey Ross 2002). A business-wide task influences a lot more clients and such shoppers may have different and maybe conflicting necessities and wants. Likewise, an ERP venture requires the incorporation of data, applications, and procedures all through the association, much of the time on a universal level, which makes endeavor asset arranging ventures unmistakably more composite than traditional programming advancement endeavors (Monk Wagner 2007). To achieve absorption, various parts and separate venture forms require to be fixed together by coordinating to an indistinguishable standard. For example, absorption might be accomplished by altering every undertaking procedure to fit with the product using the venture asset arranging framework as a worldview. The change of the undertaking asset arranging programming includes the adjustment of the ERP programming to fit current or rebuilt endeavor forms. Gefen (2002) distinguished endeavor asset arranging framework reconciliation as program assortment, framework association, and framework adjustment into association, development, and adjustment. Davison (2002) introduced a progressively careful characterization of big business asset arranging framework adjustment, which contains eight sorts of design: customisation, fixing, screen covers, extended inclusion, work process encoding, client

3 Examples of Dashing to the Rescue

3 Examples of Dashing to the Rescue 3 Examples of Dashing to the Rescue 3 Examples of Dashing to the Rescue By Mark Nichol At the point when commas are utilized to set off a break in thought, or are utilized to set off in excess of two unmistakable sentence components, the outcome is frequently a level or befuddling sentence. To appropriately flag a sudden linguistic change or unmistakably demonstrate grammatical progression, think about supplanting a couple of commas with a scramble or two, as depicted in a conversation and appeared in an amendment following every one of the models in this post. 1. At the point when issues strike startlingly, and they will, the leader of the office can hope to take part in quick investigating conversations. The organizing commas are not wrong, however they’re dull and inadequate in stressing the purpose of the key interposition; runs are increasingly effective: â€Å"When issues strike out of the blue and they will-the leader of the division can hope to take part in quick investigating discussions.† 2. The revelation of information, even, or particularly, to law requirement, is a hot topic.â For this situation, the peruser will probably need to backtrack to graph this sentence in their brain to process that â€Å"data, even, or especially† isn't a rundown and that even is the start of a two-layer bracket; outline the external enclosure with runs to recognize it from the inward bracket: â€Å"The exposure of information even, or particularly, to law requirement is a hot topic.†Ã¢ 3. At the point when you compose for a paper, you really can change the world, well at any rate a side of it, for certain individuals. The issue here is like that of the past model, in that well should be set off from the remainder of the bracket of which it is a section. To recognize the accentuation used to do as such and the accentuation utilized to stress the bracket itself, elevate the quotidian commas to particular runs: â€Å"When you compose for a paper, you really can change the world-well, at any rate an edge of it-for some people.† Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Punctuation class, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:How Many Tenses in English?How to Punctuate with â€Å"However†Trooper or Trouper?

Is an Online Masters in Psychology Right for You

Is an Online Masters in Psychology Right for You Student Resources Print Considerations for Online Masters Degree in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 29, 2019 CZQS2000 / STS/ Photodisc/ Getty Images More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers If you have recently graduated with your undergraduate degree in psychology and are thinking about going to graduate school, then you have probably noticed the recent abundance of online masters programs in psychology that are now available. Could one of these online programs be right for you? There are a number of things to consider before you decide and there are several things that you should look for in particular when it comes to an online masters degree in psychology program. Lets take a closer look at the reasons why you might choose, or sometimes not choose, to enroll in one of these online programs. Things to Consider Regarding Online Masters Degrees The convenience of online education makes it a very attractive option for many students, especially those who work full-time. Today, you can find many online masters degrees in psychology from a wide range of academic institutions including fully-online schools and more traditional universities. If you are thinking of earning an online masters in psychology, there are a number of factors to consider before you make this important decision. What type of degree do you need?Will it help you achieve your career goals?Will the degree help you advance in your profession? Learn more about some of the most frequently asked questions about online masters degrees in psychology. How to Find Legitimate Online Masters Programs in Psychology There are a few important things to look for in a quality online masters program. First, dont be deceived by diploma mills. Writer Jamie Littlefield suggests that a diploma mill is a company that awards unaccredited degrees and provides either an inferior education or no education at all. Check out her article on what you need to know about diploma mills to learn more about some of the warning signs to watch for as well as what you can do if you have been tricked by a diploma mill. One way to ensure that a program is legitimate is to check for accreditation. By going through the accrediting process, a school must prove that its program meets specific requirements and standards of quality. Start by checking to see if a prospective program is accredited by one of the six regional accrediting organizations in the United States. A program can also be considered legitimate if it is recognized by the United States Department of Education (USDE) or the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA). What Can You Do With an Online Masters In Psychology? Before you invest the time, money, and effort into earning an online masters degree, ask yourself one question: How will this degree help me achieve my goals? For many people, earning an online masters degree in psychology might be a means to qualify for a better job, earn more money, or prepare for further graduate study. In other cases, students simply have a passion for the subject and a desire to learn. No matter what your motivation, start by outlining your goals and then analyze each prospective program to assess how it will help you achieve those stated goals. What you ultimately do with your online masters degree in psychology will depend upon a number of different factors. Geographic location, the type of degree you earn, and job demand in your field will all play a role. Graduates from online psychology masters programs often find work in fields such as government, mental health services, and business. The most important thing you can do before you enroll in any program is to check that the degree provides the training and any potential licensure or certification that you may need to work in your chosen field. Some programs provide the necessary coursework to earn the degree, yet do not offer any sort of path to certification or licensing that might be required to work in your state. Check carefully with each program to ensure that you will actually be able to put your degree to use once you graduate. Reasons Not to Pursue an Online Masters Degree in Psychology While distance education is a great option for some people, it is not the best choice for everyone. Before you enroll in any online program, it is important to make a realistic assessment of your goals, skills, and interests. Are you comfortable with technology? Programs may vary in terms of specific technical requirements, but you should be capable of using sending emails, emailing attachments, participating in online discussions, and searching for information online. In some cases, you might also be required to download podcasts, view online videos, contribute to a class wiki or blog, or utilize an instant messaging service. An online degree might not be the right choice if you: Struggling With Time Management: Online education requires a great deal of self-discipline. If you cannot manage your time and prioritize projects effectively, you will probably struggle in an online format.Think an Online Education Will Be Easier: In many ways, online classes can actually be more difficult than traditional courses. In addition to scheduling your time wisely, online classes also require students to be very active learners. Definitely not the right choice for students who think they can kick back and passively listen to lectures.Avoid Class Participation: Some students think that online courses are all about writing papers  and taking tests. While these are obviously important components of any class, online courses also include lectures, discussions, and other activities that require participation from students. Finally, make sure that you are earning an online degree for the right reasons. If you decide to enroll in a masters program just because you feel like you should be doing something or you want to avoid seeking full-time employment, you might find yourself disappointed with your degree later on. Instead, take some time to really think about your future and decide whether an online masters in psychology can make your vision a reality.

Sensory Deficit of Touch, Its Pain and Acupuncture - Free Essay Example

Running Head: TOUCH, PAIN, ACUPUNCTURE Sensory Deficit of Touch, its Pain and Acupuncture Applied Learning Paper Debra A. Hankerson Abstract This writer will be exploring the topic, Is acupuncture an effective therapeutic treatment for the chronic pain associated with the sensory deficit of touch? Touch will be explored; what it is, causes for deficit of touch, chronic pain associated with the deficit, and the effects of the deficit. Acupuncture will be defined; its historical background and society’s acceptance or rejection of its use. This writer will identify its relevance as an alternative medicine for chronic pain either supporting or detracting in answering the topic question. Evaluate whether the research findings helped to answer the topic question. Concluding with what was learned; if it changed the perspective on the theory, did the writer’s Christian faith inform or bias the investigation, and does the theory fit within the Christian worldview. Introductio n After reading about sensory deficits and acupuncture in the text book I began to wonder if new inroads had been made in the acupuncture therapeutic treatment as a long-term solution when dealing with pain and the deficit of touch. The focus of my paper being, â€Å"Is acupuncture an effective therapeutic treatment for the chronic pain associated with the sensory deficit of touch? † My interest this topic came about because I have this sensory deficit; have gone through acupuncture as a therapeutic treatment to relieve pain. I was also interested to find out if there have been new inroads with this treatment as far as a long-term relief. For me it was not successful. Touch Touch is the sense that enables an organism to get information about things that are in direct contact with its body. As one of the five senses, touch allows a person to feel heat, cold, pain, and pressure. â€Å"The sense of touch is the only sense experienced all over the body† (Landau, 2008 ). Touch has been called â€Å"the mother of senses†, perhaps because it was the first to develop in evolution. Touch is the earliest sensory system to develop in all animal species. The term touch includes several tactile senses: pressure, pain, temperature, and all muscle movements. Bruno and Carnagie (2001) state, â€Å"Touch is a very important sense, since it tells an organism a great deal about its immediate environment. † Bruno and Carnagie’s point is that touch is essential for our everyday well being. Touch is described as a group of senses by which contact with objects gives evidence as to their qualities, as registered by the skin and mucous membranes. Barth (2010) says, â€Å"There are several kinds of touch organs, called tactile corpuscles, in the skin and the mucous membranes. The sense of touch is identified with the largest organ in the human body – the skin. The fingers are more sensitive than any other area because they have more ne rve endings. These changes help us to understand the causes. Causes of Touch Deficit The largest touch sensor, the Pacinian corpuscle, is located in the hypodermis, the innermost thick fatty layer of skin. This area responds to vibration. A disruption of the free nerve endings which are neutrons that originate in the spinal cord causes the transmission of information about temperature and pain to be somewhat non-existent (Strickland, 2001). This disruption is the result of injury, infection, and/or disease. With these significant changes, we need to understand just how touch deficit affects an individual. The Effects of Touch Deficit The loss or impairment of the ability to feel anything touched is called tactile anesthesia. Paresthesia is a sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbness of the skin that may result from nerve damage and may be permanent or temporary. Touch has widespread distribution, unlike the sensory receptors for sight, vision, smell, and taste which are cluste red in the head (Angier, 2008). The disruption of the touch receptors heightens the pain receptors which are nerve bundles with bare endings that fire when surrounding tissue is damaged. This in turn causes the lessening of the feelings we identify with touch. The loss of these feelings may result in chronic pain due to the touch deficit. Chronic Pain Associated with the Touch Deficit Chronic pain is pain that lasts longer than six months. According to Field (2003), â€Å"People with chronic pain become depressed due to the ineffectiveness of the drugs they are taking and the dramatic changes in lifestyle they experience. Basically, Field is saying that chronic pain can turn a person’s life upside down. Individuals with chronic pain seem to have low endorphin levels. Alternately, any related nerve deficit damage could be the reason for the consumed body supply of natural painkilling opiates and this would reduce the effectiveness of natural endorphins. Most chronic pain d isorders are unresponsive to surgical, pharmacological, or other medical interventions. The use of touch and pressure treatments (acupuncture, acupressure, massage therapy, etc. have proven to effective because they reduce anxiety levels, which tend to aggravate pain, and they also increase the productivity of necessary endorphins. We need to understand the components of pain and the psychological affects. Components and Psychological Cost of Chronic Pain Pain is the result of a chain reaction that involves all parts of the nervous system, including the brain. Pain has four components: stimulus, perception, suffering, and pain behavior. Despite intense research, chronic pain is still poorly understood by the medical community. According to Chapman (2010), â€Å"Many pain specialists believe chronic pain occurs because of a breakdown in the normal system of checks and balances that keep the nervous system functioning properly. † Chapman’s point is that there is a mal function within the nervous system. People with chronic pain are deprived of the peace of mind that comes with knowing their pain will end. Because peace of mind is important to the healing process, chronic pain can convert a person into an invalid. Psychological damage is often incurred with chronic pain, which can alter a sufferer’s personality. Sufferers withdraw from pleasurable activities, public outings and family, leaving often depressed, bitter, anxious, or helpless. These negative thoughts and feelings help create a vicious cycle of worsening pain and unhappiness. These symptoms are the basis for chronic pain syndrome. Chapman tells us, â€Å"Although there is no cure for chronic pain syndrome, people with this condition can take steps to help close the pain gates and reduce their psychological suffering† (2010). In other words, Chapman is saying that it’s up to the individual to take responsibility for how they regain normalcy in relation to their c ondition. Both the disease and illness can viewed as the complex interaction of biological, psychological and social factors. Biopsychosocial Factors Disease can be defined as a biological event involving the disruption of specific body structures or organ systems caused by anatomical, pathological, or physiological changes. In contrast, illness may be a subjective experience that a disease is present. In Gatchel, Peng, Peters, Fuchs, Turk ( 2007) view, â€Å"The distinction between disease and illness is analogous to the distinction that can be made between nociception and pain. Nociception involves the stimulation of nerves that convey information about potential tissue damage to the brain. In contrast, pain is the subjective perception that results from the transduction, transmission, and modulation of sensory information (p. 582). † The psychosocial factors involve both emotion and cognition. Emotion is the more immediate reaction to nociception and is more midbrai n based. Cognitions then attach meaning to the emotional experience and can then trigger additional emotional reactions and thereby amplify the experience of pain, thus perpetuating a vicious circle of nicoception, pain, distress, and disability. Acupuncture Acupunctureis a method of producing analgesia or altering the function of a system of the body by inserting fine, wire-thin needles into the skin on the body along a series of lines, or channels, called meridians. The needles are twirled or energized electrically or warmed. Acupuncture originated in the Far East and has gained increasing attention in the West since the early 1970s. Historical Foundation of Acupuncture Acupuncture is generally held to have originated in China, being first mentioned in documents dating from a few hundred years leading up to the Common Era. Sharpened stones and bones that date from about 6000 BCE have been interpreted as instruments for acupuncture treatment , but they may simply have been us ed as surgical instruments for drawing blood or lancing abscesses . In her book, â€Å"Is Acupuncture Right for You? †, Kidson maintains that â€Å"Documents discovered in the Ma-Wang-Dui tomb in China, which was sealed in 198 BCE, contain no reference to acupuncture as such, but do refer to a system of meridians, albeit very different from the model that was accepted later. Speculation surrounds the tattoo marks seen on the ‘Ice Man’ who died in about 3300 BCE and whose body was revealed when an Alpine glacier melted. These tattoos might indicate that a form of stimulatory treatment similar to acupuncture developed quite independently of China† (2008). The first document that unequivocally described an organized system of diagnosis and treatment which is recognized as acupuncture is The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine, dating from about 100 BCE. The information is presented in the form of questions by the Emperor and learned replie s from his minister, Chi-Po. The text is likely to be a compilation of traditions handed down over centuries, presented in terms of the prevailing Taoist philosophy, and is still cited in support of particular therapeutic techniques. The concepts of channels (meridians or conduits) in which the Qi (vital energy or life force) flowed are well established by this time, though the precise anatomical locations of acupuncture points developed later. Society’s Acceptance or Rejection In exploring the topic, â€Å"Is acupuncture an effective treatment for the chronic pain associated with the sensory deficit of touch? I found several diverse opinion’s in reference to what society thinks of acupuncture. According to Dr. Andrew Hamilton (2009, p. 22) in a magazine article he wrote entitled ‘Try telling my patients that acupuncture doesn’t work’, he is quoted as saying, â€Å"I have found acupuncture gives rapid, and often long-term relief, through its ac tion of local muscle relaxation and central endorphin release. Despite the skepticism of a few, acupuncture is fast becoming an established part of conventional medicine. † In other words, Dr. Hamilton believes that acupuncture is a viable treatment for chronic pain in any area. However, in a contradictory article by Simon Singh (2008, p. 20) in a London Newspaper entitled, ‘Don’t believe the lie of the needle acupuncture is gaining credibility in medical circles’, he critiqued three trials with one using a placebo. He is quoted as saying, â€Å"Two out of three failed to show that real acupuncture offers any significant benefit beyond the fake treatment†. Singh believes that there is no significant benefit to acupuncture treatment. As with anything in today’s society there are pros and cons, differing opinions concerning acupuncture as a treatment associated with chronic pain. Here in the United States, our own Washington Post newspaper in an article by Ellen Edwards (2009), entitled ‘Millions Embrace Acupuncture, Despite Thin Evidence’ did an in depth study of local doctors and hospital physicians in all fields. Here article said that the American Medical Association takes no position specifically on acupuncture, saying â€Å"there is little evidence to confirm the safety and efficacy of most alternative therapies (p. 4). † Although she received this statement from the AMA, during her research she found significant evidence to personally embrace acupuncture. She was quoted as saying, â€Å"I felt it had helped other people, and it might help me. I don’t know how it works, but it’s got 4,000 years of Chinese medicine behind it (p. 4). † The essence of Edwards’ argument is with number of years used by the Chinese, there has to be some benefits from the acupuncture therapy. Acupuncture as a Treatment In reviewing the research I found when exploring this topic there are many favorable articles for the use of acupuncture for chronic pain, specifically sensory deficit of touch. According to Clinical Psychologist White (2000), many Americans are seeking alternative therapies for any area associated with chronic pain such as acupuncture. Acupuncture systematically treats the mind as well as the body when used by professional psychologists. The â€Å"medical field has started embracing this new field of integrative medicine† (p. 671), and there have been wonderful results. Burke, Upchurch, Dye, Chyu ( 2006), conducted a survey on the use of acupuncture in the United States. Its objective was to establish that acupuncture has become an important provider-based complementary and alternative medicine treatment. The findings in relation to chronic pain were â€Å"A large number of respondents (44. 0%) indicated that they used acupuncture because conventional medicine would not help treat their health condition, supporting the role of acup uncture as an alternative medicine† (p. 645). Acupuncture has also been shown to be a beneficial approach in reducing chronic pain, and specifically the sensory deficit of touch. In a review of the literature on acupuncture and pain, Eshkevari (2003) found that: (1) acupuncture could, in fact, be viewed as a useful therapeutic modality in the management of chronic pain (p. 366), (2) acupuncture causes the release of endorphin substances (p. 367), (3) acupuncture reduces norepinephrine levels in certain brain areas and blood circulation, accompanied by a rise in pain threshold (p. 367). Basically, Eshkevari is saying that there is mounting evidence of acupunctures effectiveness. There was a study done by Sood, Sood, Bauer, Ebbert (2005), on the Cochrane systematic review of acupuncture. This study consisted of the controlled trials in acupuncture across different topic areas and journals with the common subject of chronic pain. After the review it was concluded that that diversity exists in the comprehensiveness of the data on acupuncture. Even though there is data to suspect its effectiveness, according to Sood, Sood, Bauer, Ebbert, â€Å"This diversity makes reviews prone to bias and adds another layer of complexity in interpreting the acupuncture literature† (p. 19). Sood, Sood, Bauer, Ebbert, are insisting that the systematic reviews are not reliable. With all of these facts mounting, the JRRD (2007) sums up many discrepancies, They state, â€Å"Although many studies have documented the efficacy of acupuncture for pain and other medical conditions, understanding how it works within a Western medical paradigm remains challenging† (p. 215). The JRRD’s point is that there is still a lack of concrete evidence that acupuncture is an effective therapeutic treatment for the chronic pain associated with the sensory deficit of touch. Evaluation The articles that I presented and the books reviewed for the most seem to indicate t hat acupuncture is an effective means of reducing or eliminating chronic pain associated with the sensory deficit of touch. The articles and books I used seem to support and even advocate the use of acupuncture. However, there are differing perspectives in the field of psychology which I have not been able to ascertain and include in this paper. In order for me to be more conclusive there has to be more studies, articles and books to support this subject. Included in this paper were articles and studies on the prevalent use of acupuncture in Western alternative medicine. Acupuncture is being used in all areas and many medical physicians are becoming proficient in its use. It is felt that acupuncture can and should become an integral part of the health care system. Overall, I feel as if I have made some serious headway in discovering the use of acupuncture in the therapeutic treatment of the sensory deficit of touch. However, I believe there is much more to be learned about how it relieves chronic pain, and more specifically the pain associated with the sensory deficit of touch. Conclusion This topic of acupuncture and its effectiveness on the chronic pain of the sensory deficit touch is very close to my heart. I suffer from the deficit of touch and understand the chronic pain which is experienced. I have personally tried acupuncture to relieve the pain but it proved unsuccessful for me, as did many other treatments. From my research of the subject there is evidence that some do feel as if the use of acupuncture violates or contradicts the Christian worldview. As with most every controversial subject there are pro and con opinions. Some Christians may have an aversion to using acupuncture because of its origin. According to the John Mark Ministries as written by Croucher (2005), â€Å"There is evidence that acupuncture works for a few painful conditions and there are suggestions for a rational scientific basis such that no belief need be placed in Eas tern religion. I do not believe acupuncture necessarily involves the occult at all, though as in all alternative treatments I advise caution about the therapist. † In making this comment, Croucher argues that there needs to be careful scrutiny of the practitioner. Steve Godwin (2005) writing for Watchman Fellowship, Inc. has stated, â€Å"The religious basis for traditional acupuncture should cause Christians to exercise caution when considering acupuncture treatment. The main point to remember is that we should use discernment when investigating any medical treatment, because any treatment based on a false worldview can be harmful not only physically but spiritually as well. † The before two opinions advise caution in who you allow to perform this procedure. However, a more negative opinion is offered by Let Us Reason Ministries (2009). They state, â€Å"As Christians we should not seek practitioners who offer metaphysical cures that manipulate invisible energy. The acupuncture theory is incompatible with both scientific evidence and diametrically opposed to the Christian world view of the human body and spirit. The Bible never describes energy zones or meridians in the human anatomy. † This last statement I find contrary to my personal beliefs. Using all the research books, articles, and journals, I have come to the conclusion that acupuncture provides some viability to the relief of chronic pain in all areas, and specifically the sensory deficit of touch. Although I feel that it does work, it is limited to only certain patients. Some patients have no relief from acupuncture. I speak from personal experience that it doesn’t work on all patients. Even though acupuncture treatments can conjure up mystery, there is still some usefulness as a healing presence, and this can depend on the practitioner. Giving some insight in to the healing presence, Jonas, Crawford (2004) tell us , â€Å"Religious and spiritual traditions from all cultures and all times describe the spiritual or loving presence of the faithful contributor of healing. In addition, the common belief that some individuals are highly effective healers, independent of whether they use a ritual, prayer, needle, pill or knife, perpetuates the common belief that a special â€Å"presence† can exude from certain practitioners. This presence is capable of inducing an experience of recovery wholeness, peace or well-being in people who suffer. Acupuncture is nothing more than a very ancient form of healing, and in healing there is God’s presence in the midst. God puts those He would have in place with the gift of healing. 1 Cor. 2:28 says, â€Å"And in the church God has appointed first of all apostles, second prophets, third teachers, then workers of miracles, also those having gifts of healing, those able to help others, those with gifts of administration, and those speaking in different kinds of tongues† (NIV) I truly belie ve that there is nothing contrary to God’s word in the use of acupuncture, and if we are diligent in seeking the best practitioner to administer this treatment it does not defy Christian beliefs. I am inclined to believe that this is the correct Christian worldview. Thus, I answer the question, â€Å"Is acupuncture an effective therapeutic treatment for the chronic pain associated with the sensory deficit of touch? † Yes, for some it is. I also am made aware, through the research, that great strides are being made to further the use of acupuncture as a viable tool in the everyday health care field. 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